Investment Portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment Portfolio - Research Paper Example It involves providing concise method of communicating the process and objectives amongst all parties involved with the investments and to assign responsibility for implementations. (Winfield R. G. and Curry S. J., 1995.) Once the Investment Policy has been established other factors affecting the investment such as financial and economic conditions, and risk factors will be examined. How to allocate the 100,000 to specific assets will be determined. RiskGrades will be used for optimal allocation. RiskGradeTM measure is an open and transparent benchmark to measure the risk of the world's financial assets. Another optimization criterion to be looked at briefly is the Markowitz co-variance approach. According to Markowitz, (1952), the co-variance matrix can be used to compute portfolio variance. Peter Zangari (1996)'s document on risk metrics assumes that the market is driven by risk factors with observable co-variance. These risk factors which have been incorporated in the analysis include; time series of prices or levels of stocks, currencies (foreign exchange rates), commodities and interest rates. The evaluation of investment performance is very important to any investor. Evaluation goes hand in hand with re-examining the policies and altering the strategies. The constructed portfolio will be monitored throughout the period under review. The reasons why it is performing in a certain way is examined. Policy Statement This is a statement of Investment Policy and investment goals, which establish the investment management procedures. The five basic components of the statement include; Summary of investor circumstances. Investment objectives, time horizon and risk attitudes. Permissible asset classes, constraints and restrictions. The asset allocation decisions. Selection, monitoring and control procedures. For an investor, investment policy depends on circumstances (Winfield, 2005). Institutional investor will be concerned with long-term investments as opposed to an individual investor who will be limited to personal factors such as financial situation, age, family circumstances, and personal preferences to risk. An elderly investor will invest in investments which are short-term though the risks might be high as opposed to a young investor. Diversification comes in for the issue of risks. Diversification is a risk limiting strategy. Since I am a young investor, I would like to diversify my investment and also take a greater amount of risk to enhance the potential earnings on the investment. According to Winfield (2005), as a

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay It was an era where so many alterations in the world Economy took place. In the closing decades of the 19th century there was a quest of seeking innovative ways to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The Scientific Management Theory initiated on the basis of that. In this period of time crafts production was substituted by large factories in which a lot of technical revolutions have been taking place. The owners and managers were not capable of coping to these challenges therefore they hunted for advanced techniques to overcome this situation. As a solution the concepts of Job Specialization and division of labour came about. In this scenario workers who specialized in their respective tasks became more skilled. The Scientific Management Theory Fredrick W. Taylor was the architecture of the concept Scientific Management, â€Å"The systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency†. It was believed that the most effective and efficient division of labour could best be determined by the concept of Scientific Management. There were four core principles in this concept. * Investigation and experimentation on organization performance * Codification of new methods/standards * Selection of employees according to codified standards * Establishing a level of performance and a pay system with rewards In 1910 most of the organizations were using this concept but selectively. Even though there was an increase in performance some disputes about this concept lead to an increase in trade union involvement. There were some major issues in this concept. * Availability of fewer jobs * Job dissatisfaction * Distrust among employees and employers. Some organizations redesigned the principles according to their vision. For example introduction of moving conveyer belts in Henry Ford’s factory can be taken in to consideration. However these approaches were not able to solve the emerged issues. Nevertheless Taylor’s work had a lasting effect on management production systems. Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth who were the successors of Taylor studied how the working environment influences the performance of the employees. They made a heavy contribution in time-and-motion study. They demonstrated that by following arrangements organizations can solve their issues effectively. * Breaking up each job action into its components. * Finding better ways to perform the action. * Reorganizing each job action to be more efficient Administrative Management Theory Researchers attempted to discover how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. Theory of Bureaucracy was developed by Max Weber as a succession of these researches. Bureaucracy is basically a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. There were several principles in this theory. Weber identified several factors there should be in a bureaucracy system. Simultaneously Henry Fayol identified 14 principles that should be vital to increasing the efficiency of the management process according to his perspective. These studies of Fayol and Weber laid the foundation of modern management theory. Behavioural Management Theory This is the study of how managers should behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to strive towards high levels of performance as an organization. In the previous theory there wasn’t a major concern about the employee viewpoint. Thus Mary Farker Follett explained why it is important to think about the human side of management. According to the studies of Follett managers should behave as coaches and facilitators –not as monitors and supervisors and the importance of direct inter communication between managers of different departments to make speedy decisions. She also promoted the concept of â€Å"cross functioning† which has been used in a great scale at present. Hawthorne effect is the discovery that a manager’s behaviour and leadership approach can affect the level of performance of employees. From this study emerged the concept of human relations movement. It is basically how the supervisors should be behaviourally trained to spice up worker’s motivation, cooperation and increase their productivity. Informal organization is one of the implications of Hawthorne effect. This is the system of behavioural rules and norms that come out in a group. The study of factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups react to in organizations has been identified as the organizational behaviour. Apart from these mentioned here the most significant approach was developed by Douglas McGregor. He supposed two different sets of assumptions which were named as Theory X and Theory Y. Management Science Theory This is a modern extension of Scientific Management Theory in this approach describes how precise quantitative techniques can be used in order to make the best use of organizational resources. Quantitative management emphasises on how arithmetic can be manipulated to achieve best practises in inventory and financial capital control. Operations management presents a set of techniques that can be utilized to improve production efficiency Total quality management focuses on the art of how the whole can be managed to achieve excellence. Management information systems provide the managers with adequate information about internal and external events of an organization to effective decision making. Organizational Environment Theory This is the set of conditions and forces that functions externally to the organization but affect a manger’s capability to acquire and utilize resources. This clearly stresses on how important it is to study the environment. The open systems theory and contingency theory developed in 1960 ascertains the importance of the importance of studying the environment. The Open –Systems View This is a system where external resources are acquired and converted into goods and services then sent back to customers for purchasing. And the cycle carries on. This system is considered as an open system. Organizations which use a closed system are likely to experience entropy, the tendency of a system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and collapse. Contigency Theory It discloses that there is no best way to organize therefore characteristics of the environment affect an organization’s ability to obtain resources. Types of structures Above describes the differences between the structures. In conclusion managers in a Mechanistic structure can obtain inputs at a lower cost preferably in a stable environment and managers in an organic environment can react more quickly in a rapidly changing environment. These contributions constructed the foundation of modern management theories. References: New Era of Management Concepts and Applications 2nd Edition Richard L. Daft, Vanderbilt University Contemporary Management fifth edition Gareth R. Jones, Texas A M University Jennifer M. George, Rice University

Culture in the Police Force

Culture in the Police Force Culture is a way of life, different nations, different countries or even different families have their own cultures. There is one occupational culture inside the police force, that what we called Cop Culture. According to Reiner (2000), police occupational cultures can be defined as a kind of share values, beliefs, norms, working practices, and informal rules, police officers will use these cultures to justify their works in their world. In this essay, we will talk about the principal features and characteristics associated with cop culture, also we will further discuss the main recent critiques of the previous scholarly understandings of cop culture. Culture is the way of life which varies from place to place, or changes over period. It exists in many forms like, behaviors, attitude or norms, etc. Cop culture is an organizational culture within the police force, it is not the formal rules but still widely spread within the force. These informal rules and share values will not be published as written manuals. There will not have a ceremony to announce these rules, but when new recruits enter the system, during the recruitment and training period, they will be socialized and learn about the culture. New police officers are then engaged in following the informal rules as they are all assumed to achieve the same goal. With this unavoidable socialization, police and cop culture are always closely interdependent. Many studies always use cop culture as the key debate in contemporary policing, it is because public concerns that, police is the professionals in our society, their works involve danger and risk. They are paid to protect the public safety and prevent crime, so they should take these responsibilities. Public expect and demand police officers the highest standard of work, but they do not truly understand the complexity of police work. Working between this ambiguous gap, there is a need for police officers to work out a special way of life to sustain the whole system. Cop culture involves different underlying values, these may affect or guide the polices working behavior. It can be seen as the reference for police to understand more about the way of work and the policing style of its organization, or we may say it is a kind a learning behavior. As many criminologists mostly concern about how the cop-culture shapes the ways in which officers use their discretion? we can make use of the police culture to further understand and interpret how the police use the discretion power. (Westmarland, L, 2008) Discretion power takes an important role in the police role, police use this specific authorized power when they have to make decision for their operation. As we all know, it is impossible to implement the law fully, there still have differences between law in practice and law in theory. We cannot write down every single case in a rule book, and ask the police officers to follow them strictly. In this case, police need to make good use of the knowledge l earnt from the training school and experiences from the senior officers as references. Police have to face thousands of decision making process at their work, for example, whether to arrest or warn a careless driver. Discretion power provides them a wide range of methods to enforce the law correctly. In this case, cop-culture may affect their perception about the criminal behavior or the criminals. Finally, it may change and control the results or even the justice directly. To combine different scholars studies about Cop culture, they tried to list a numerous of features to characterize cop-culture. They are a sense of mission, cynicism/pessimism, machismo, suspiciousness, internal solidarity/social isolation and conservatism. Robert Reiner (2000: 111-114) strongly emphasized the central feature of cop culture is a sense of mission. Police have a strong sense to protect the public and the weak, as it is not only their job but their way of life. They have strong commitment to this valuable work. About the cynicism/pessimism, it dominated the personalities of police officers. Because their work makes them the exposure to dangerous conditions, they become mistrust to the public or even everyone. Machismo is a product of the masculine ethos of the force and the tension built up by the work (Jewkes, Y. Letherby, G., 2002 : 276), it is a very typical sketch in every police force. With a cult of masculinity and the strong and aggressive self- images, this has great influence power on their attitude and behaviors towards offenders, victims and crime. Moreover, Skolnick (1966) introduced other three main characteristics in making of cop culture, they are suspiciousness, internal solidarity linked with social isolation and conservatism. It is all started from the job nature of police, the work of police is closely related to danger and risk. With this nature, police firstly become more suspicious of everyone in the society, probably, they are trained to be suspicious as to stop the danger matters as soon as possible, suspicious manner thus lead to social isolation which includes isolation from families, friends or the mainstream of community. They may think that all the people except their colleagues do not understand their works. As internal solidarity is linked with social isolation, they will also be mutually reinforced. It is easily to understand that because of that external social isolation, they will become more rely on their working partners, they will feel that only police officers will know and support their works, and th us enhance their internal solidarity. Conservatism is related to the traditional image of police, as they are the authority figures which upholding strong legitimate powers in the society, their working style will be conservative too. They will not be easily affected by other norms, such as they should not have any sympathies towards any crime related parties. Also, conservatism makes the police organizations lack of incentive to change and reforms. All of above features are not written as formal rules but they are all known by any police officers. According to Skolnick (1966), police view themselves as the safeguards of society, they are working in danger and they are required to be suspicious. They need to use their authorities to enforce the law as to protect the society. Within this framework, Skolnick (1966) pointed out the police always face a dilemma that we are working under pressure to achieve results in the form of law enforcement, but we are restricted by the rule of law to enforce the law Also, as their work are closely watched by the public every day ( Newburn. T Reiner. R, 2007: 918), these give the police work greater pressures, and thus provide them an environment to develop a set of unique culture for dealing with their works. And public may see this culture as deviant but it has been accepted and justified as normal in the cop-culture. Some other studies (Wortley, R, K., 1992) also noted Racial prejudice as a feature of cop culture. It is shown that police are targeted a specific races as their policing target informally. They believe they are the authorized moral judges in the community, so they are allowed to do some prejudge before the formal due-process. The important point is that they usually focus on the minorities and develop a certain unfair or discriminative attitude to deal with them. You may ask in what ways the police officers share these cop culture, and does it really so long-lasting? According to Andrew Brown (1995:26), culture is a product of historical process. When years and years pass, this has become a set of identical working style within the organization. Experiences are accumulated day by day, and become the history today. The shared norms and values are easily spread between department and officers. However, many criminologists wrote to criticize the existence of cop-culture. Most of their studies focused on problem of races and gender discrimination, and it raised the public attention on police abuse of discretion power or even more serious problem like, miscarriage of justice. Different scholars had brought out their complaints about the cop-culture, and have advocated kind of reform to stop the spread and development of the cop-culture. Is that really so serious that we need to restrict this internal culture within the police organization? Some recent scholars like, Chan (1996) and Waddington (2004) started to look cop-culture with a different angles and paint a new picture for it. They challenged the previous scholars about their conception of the cop-culture. According to Police (canteen) sub-culture: an appreciation of Waddington, P.A.J (2004), he tried to offer us an alternative view of cop culture which opposed the previous scholars understanding and criticisms about cop-culture. Waddington(2004) stated that it is only a canteen culture whereas we can treat it as an oral phenomenon, he emphasized the differences between talk and action( Waddington, 2004 : 364), we do not need to pay too much attention on their private talks in such private backstage like canteens where far away from public. He argued that it is only an act of storytelling. In some case is that senior officers make use of the channel to share their war stories with some exaggerate manners. However, we should believe the professional training as those police officers have abilities to determine its reality and decide whether to take it as reference or not. In addition, it can be a positive thing which provides them opportunity to express their emotions as they have already suffered from high pressure on their daily work. This police occupational culture also provides them an idea of spirit, it fosters a strong sense of cohesion between officers and thus enhances their working attitude. Officers believe that there is a mutual understanding which makes them find their own values within the organization and community. Waddington (2004: 375) also described this canteen culture is simply developed by a condition of talking a good fight , officers just want to glorify themselves, it is also related to their personalities of machismo. The process of glorification can definitely increase their self-esteem which makes them work harder and more efficient as to achieve the same goal and to maintain their internal working spirit. Moreover, Waddington, P.A.J. (2004) argued that cop culture is just an in-group culture, it is unnecessary to link this with the problem of race or gender discrimination. Also, those characteristics are just the way of police lives, we should not comment it as negative or even to reform their way of lives. It is meaningless to concern about the talk aspect, or we should pay more attention on their action indeed. Another key critique about cop-culture is proposed by Janet Chan (1996) recently. She made 4 main criticisms about the previous conceptions about cop-culture and its abilities to explain cop-culture. Firstly, Reiner (1992: 109) stated that the cop culture is not monolithic, universal nor changing. But Chan (1996) argued that the previous definitions are too simple and not universal. She concerns the failure of existing definitions of police culture to account for internal differentiation and jurisdictional differences. (Chan, 1996: 111) She stated that there must be different level of police sub-cultures inside the organization, but the previous scholars mostly just focus on the culture of street level, but they neglected the culture of management level. She criticized that the previous scholars could not provide a full definition and comprehensive conditions of cop-culture. Secondly, Chan (1996) argued that police officers are not like what Reiner (1992: 109) described as passive and being cultural dopes She also criticized Reiner did not make an detailed explanation about socialization of police officers. Every police officer has their own choice to decide whether absorb and transform the values, they will not follow those informal rules blindly. They can separate which are hero stories and which are real works and real world. Thirdly, Chan (1996: 112) proposed that A theory of police culture must, therefore, situate culture in the political and social context of policing. As the police is closely related to the society, it is impossible to extremely separated them. However, Chan (1996) found that the previous scholars failed to do this. No matter the street level and management level officers also need to respond to the public reaction. About those problems of injustice or corruption, police organization still have to react to these scandals. The final criticism is closely linked with the previous criticisms, according to Chan (1996:112), an all-powerful, homogeneous and deterministic conception of the police culture insulated from the external environment leaves little scope for a cultural change. She stated that the previous scholars were failed to examine the scope and possibilities for changing this cop-culture. Almost thirty years ago, people are started to pay attention on the police occupational culture which we named as cop culture nowadays. Police take an important role in our society, a minimal difference between their behaviors may result very differently. Most of the studies are focus on the street cop culture, especially those patrol officers. Cop culture is the shared values and norms within the police officers, although this culture will be varies from place to place, there are still some standard features in general. However, many scholars always defined cop culture as something negative and destructive to society. After a period of time, some current scholars argued that those previous criticisms about cop culture may not be correct in all cases, and made a newly and clear way for us to understand the concept about cop culture.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

[Go up with Senior Homecoming t-shirt and hold up front and back so everyone can see] "Seniors. We just don't care." I feel that this has been our slogan for the past four years, but what I wanted to talk to you about is the opposite of what our shirt says. When I was chosen to speak, you have no idea how honored I was. It was completely unexpected. There's so much that I feel for you as I stand before you at this moment and I can feel the tears coming on, but I'll try to hold back until after the ceremony. There's so much I want to say to you that putting it all into words is difficult. I know that to some of you I'm just one of those annoying people that yell during assemblies and sometimes I'll tell you to do it, too. But despite the fact that I yell at assemblies and despite that fact that I want you to, too, there's more to it than that. As big as an advocate I am for school spirit, I admit sometimes the importance of it is not always clear. But the importance of something else is clear and that is compassion. To me, compassion is a deep sense of love, understanding, and sympathy for others. Someone with true compassion can feel it for someone they don't even know, someone who is entirely different from them, and someone who they might not even like. For this reason, compassion is not an emotion. We must be able to share it regardless of who the person is. Can you walk down the street and see a random face in the crowd and feel concern for their well-being? I have seen the amazing compassion that people are capable of and it moves me to tears. September 11th stays vivid in our minds. One aspect that touched me was how America came together with each other in order to share sympathy and comfort. Americans f... ... you continue on from high school, before you look at another in contempt, consider compassion instead. Will it take someone's death before you realize their worth as a person? Some of you are my close friends, some of you I only say hello to, and some of you I've never had the opportunity to speak to, but no matter who you are, I feel compassion for you right now. You are the people I have shared high school with and all I want for you is success and happiness in your future. You are all important to me. Before I end, I want to give thanks to the one I couldn't have gotten through high school without and that is my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate example of compassion and love for me. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to speak and thank you for making high school so incredibly memorable and special to me. May God bless you all.

Capitalism and leisure

Capitalism depends on a continuous sense of dissatisfaction to exist.   The temporary relief experienced by dissatisfied workers engaging in leisure activities such as shopping is not caused by the acquisition of an object, but rather is produced through the action of conspicuous consumption of those objects.   In other words, the relief is felt during the pursuit of certain objects and the exchange of money for goods, but diminishes almost immediately once the desired object is obtained. IPods and MySpace are recent examples that seem to bear this out.   The acquisition of an IPod necessitates the pursuit of music and the desire to perpetually obtain more music, while MySpace consumes massive amounts of free time and functions by the constant acquisition of â€Å"friends†.   They cannot create satisfaction in their original state; they only create satisfaction through the promise of acquiring infinitely more. Leisure activities such as attending the movies, on the other hand, produce temporary satisfaction through the conspicuous consumption of personal time and diminishes shortly after the movie ends.   Marx and Singer are correct in their assertion that life in the modern era is essentially dissatisfying: the capitalist economy could not exist without a pervasive and perpetual sense of dissatisfaction. However, the assumption that workers who are not alienated from their labor are generally more satisfied seems to discount other concomitant factors, such as the spirituality and close personal and family relationships that both capitalism and communism discount as irrelevant or unnecessary to life in the modern era.   Both can be considered leisure activities, and both have been reported to produce levels of satisfaction among those who participate in these types of activities.

An Inspirational Answer to an Unanswerable Question Essays

An Inspirational Answer to an Unanswerable Question Essays An Inspirational Answer to an Unanswerable Question Essay An Inspirational Answer to an Unanswerable Question Essay English 10 Honors 6 May 2013 An Inspirational Answer to an Unanswerable Question It is a well-known fact that the universe is constantly changing. Throughout history, empires have risen and fallen with peoples created and destroyed. Weve seen the best of times and the worst of times, yet the concept of society has remained much the same. But what happens when that social hierarchy is due for a change? Many weeks of research has led to the conclusion that anyone can change society if they stand together and stand strong. At least once in a childs life they are told that they can do anything they set their mind too, and, according to my research, this may not be far off the mark. When looking at societal changes, I found that generally the ones who made the most impact were what wed call the underdog. My first artifact, a list compiled of the top six influential inventions made by teenagers, taught me that change can easily break through any barriers, such as age. For example, the comic that would eventually become known as Superman, an icon for Justice, was drawn by two teens in the back of a high school math class. Not only have comic book enthusiasts felt the impact of managers, but an entire nation as well, such as in the case of Robert Heft. Heft, who was barely seventeen when he entered his design for the American flag into a contest, went on to beat out over 1,500 candidates. His achievement is now flown all over the country. Sam Colt came in as number four on this list for creating the very first revolver. His story stood out the most because, unlike the others, he persevered through many failures and ultimately ended up creating something that would have a negative impact on society. Like all of these teenagers at the time, Colt had no idea he outcome of his invention would be so great or last so long. They didnt understand the importance of what they were making, or how many people they would affect. These six young inventors simply did, and I believe that is who will change society. The people who take chances and are passionate about what they do and say. An unspoken word is a missed opportunity, which explains why teenagers end up being the ones who make the greatest impact, because they speak their minds freely. Yet it is not only the young people who surprised me by their willingness to dive into the rigorous process of overthrowing society. The novel 1984 by George Orwell features 39-year-old Winston Smith, who is anything but in his golden years. He is described as old, frail, and rather sickly, yet when the opportunity to Join an underground revolt against the dystrophy government arises, he doesnt waste anytime Jumping on board. Winston not only showed me that you dont have to be a young, healthy person to Join something bigger than yourself; he also got me thinking that you dont have to be alone either. This string of thought led to my final conclusion on the how component of the question how can we change society? Henry Ford once said Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is by working together, can people achieve greatness. When researching my second artifact, a picture of Occupy Wall Street protestors, it became clear that the key was in the participants. Violent or non-violent, successful or unsuccessful, a protest isnt a protest without the people involved. In the case of Occupy Wall Street, the demonstration wasnt as big of a breakthrough as was hoped, yet still successful in my book due to the attention it brought to its cause. Occupy Wall Street caught my ye because of the sheer amount of people who showed up to camp out. They recognized a common goal and stuck together, which is why many people are still talking about this protest. Even though this particular event didnt change the course of history, many others of its kind did. The March on Washington, attended by Martin Luther King Jar. Myself, was a protest for civil rights and a huge step forward in the fight for equality. It was one of the biggest protests of its time, including over 250,000 participants, and was the first organized protest to be covered on a national scale. Like Occupy Wall Street, March on Washington gained this attention from the staggering number of people standing together. All walks of life Joined forces to participate in these events, and have been doing so for centuries. All around the world societies are changed when people band together. Logically, as much as unity can move a society forward, a lack of it can keep one stuck in place as well. This point is made clear in the novel 1984, where a corrupt dictatorship rules. They only needed to rise up and shake themselves like a horse shaking off flies. If they chose, hey could blow the Party to pieces tomorrow morning (Wells 77). This quote is main character Winston Smith speaking of his frustration in the fact that the government still controls people who could easily rise against them if they only realized their power. Analyzing this dystrophy society and reading about the controlling government gave me insight to my counterargument and led me to my third, and final, artifact. Supposedly, our government was made by the people, for the people, yet some of my research has pointed to the conclusion that the powerful people in our nation are the only ones who can change society, whether society wants the change or not. Things such as wars and international conflicts have been forced upon citizens of all nations by the select few that sit at the head of power. Bob Dylan, a famous protestor/song writer and author of my artifact Masters of War, expresses his hatred for the government as the United States heads into the Cold War. He describes government officials as weak, cowards who fasten all the triggers, for others to fire, (Dylan). Yet even an activist like Dylan knows that all the songs in the roll couldnt change the fact that, in the end, we answer to the government. In times of war, our hatred is shifted towards a common enemy and we seem to forget who got us into the mess in the first place. Meanwhile, the government can run the show however they want. Even Bob Dylan, who claims that the people can rise up at any time, gives the government immense power in his songs as he says, muff play with my world, like its your little toy (Dylan). As much as I disagree with this view, this theme has shown up in history many times. People such as Hitler and the Nazis ND President Johnson and the Vietnam War display some of the best examples of a singular person in charge who led entire nations into conflicts they didnt understand or agree with. This kind of power yielded by one person can prove detrimental, yet it more people are standing together against corrupt governments, thus proving this counterargument outdated and Just plain wrong. Every person starts out their life believing they will be the one to make a difference, yet it is this thought that will keep them from achieving that very goal. It has become clear that when searching for the who in who can change society, we arent looking for a powerful person, Just someone who has the heart to keep pressing forward. And when searching for the how in how can we change society, it is not an event that changes the course of history, but that one common goal that unites a group of people. Not only has my research given me an answer to what was once thought of as an unanswerable question, it has also given me hope for the future and a renewed belief in my generations power. The only question left to answer is who will take a stand next, and what will we do with the power that follows.